Suchergebnisse

We consider semiclassical black holes and related rescalings with N massless fields. For a given semiclassical solution of an N = 1 universe, we can find other solution of a large N universe by the rescaling. After the rescaling, any curvature quantity takes a sufficiently small value without changing its causal structure. Via the rescaling, we argue that black hole complementarity for semiclassical black holes cannot provide a fundamental resolution of the information loss problem, and the violation of black hole complementarity requires sufficiently reasonable amounts of N. Such N might be realized from some string inspired models. Finally, we claim that any fundamental resolution of the information loss problem should resolve the problem of the singularity. ; Korean government (MOEHRD) (KRF-313-2007-C00164 / KRF-341-2007-C00010); Korea government (MEST) through Center for Quantum Spacetime (CQUeST) of Sogang University (2005-0049409)

This research examines China's persistent effort to promote intellectual property rights (IPR) since the 1980s. Laws of intellectual property were among the first batch of legislations in China's market reform. Since the mid-1980s, the state propaganda apparatus launched nationwide campaigns in five-year cycles to "educate" Chinese people on the Party's new market-oriented law and policy, including laws of IPR. When intellectual property became core state policy in the 2000s, new initiatives emerged under law promotion campaigns to "raise awareness" of intellectual property. Starting the late 2000s, the promotion of IPR became stand-alone endeavors devoted to an innovation-friendly "culture" of intellectual property that facilitated compliance with the law and promoted industrial growth in cultural and media sectors. The notion of "IPR culture" played a key role in governmental promotion endeavors after China developed its national IPR strategy in the mid-2000s. In official discourse, "IPR culture" is instrumental and serves to shape mind-sets and regulate behaviors. It seeks to extensively use the Leninist media system to impose top-down pre-packaged understanding of intellectual property. While engaging actively with Western theories and corporate practices, IPR propaganda in China marginalizes and represses bottom-up challenges to the official stance in protection of private cultural property. China's intellectual property propaganda campaigns are part of the state's efforts to legitimate and facilitate the market-oriented reform. Since the late 1970s, the market reform proceeded side-by-side with ruthless repression of bottom-up resistance. IPR stood out in the state's reform scheme at a time when China's (re)insertion into global capitalist political economy took place concurrently with communication industries playing a key role to propel growth and IPR systems serving as the cornerstone for the market. The state-led campaign to engineer a pro-market IPR culture manifests China's adoption of the logic of the global IPR regime, which will only subject China to the hegemonic power of Western IPR discourse and distance the state's cultural project from grassroots dynamics of meaning making.

This article focuses on market-driven collection of personal data and its regulation in China. It argues that there is a growing demand for personal data from China's advertising, marketing, and credit reporting businesses. Meanwhile, the rapid development of the Internet, notably social media and e-commerce, has generated very large pools of personal data on digital platforms. These two factors contribute to the fast growth of both legitimate and illegitimate collection and exploitation of personal information. Chinese laws and regulations lag behind the market and are not ready to regulate personal data as a key economic resource. They scatter in a wide array of economic and social sectors and lack a coherent structure and effective enforcement mechanism. Unspecified overarching rationale, ambivalent market regulation, inadequate enforcement, as well as safety risks of governmental databases are problems that hinder the protection of personal data in China. The role and implications of the new Internet Security Law, entering into force in June 2017, remain to be seen.

Abstract
Background We explore a minimally invasive method (combined ultrasound detection, electrode placement and electrophysiologic nerve examination) to evaluate the early-stage quality of a nerve suture site.
Methods Ten patients with median and/or ulnar nerve injuries who had undergone nerve suture were recruited. Postoperative ultrasound examination found that the nerve injury was sutured. Then, a stimulating electrode and recording electrode were located beside the nerve proximal and distal to the suture site guided by ultrasound. Measurement of nerve action potentials (NAP) were performed with these electrodes, followed by surgical exploration. The pre- and intraoperative electrophysiologic findings were compared, together with amplitude, latency, and wave shape of NAP.
Results Of the 10 patients, 3 patients were diagnosed with median nerve injury, 2 with ulnar nerve injury, and 5 with the median nerve and ulnar nerve injury. NAP could not be detected pre- and intraoperatively in three median nerves from three patients and in two ulnar nerves from two patients. NAP was detected in 10 nerves from the remaining 5 patients. The pre- and intraoperative NAP results showed consistent results concerning the status of the nerve suture. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test indicated no significant difference in the amplitude and latency detected via sonographically placed electrodes and during surgical exploration. The number of negative-phase waves were equally distributed.
Conclusion Ultrasound-guided electrode placement and NAP detection can substitute surgery and serve as a minimally invasive approach to evaluate the regeneration of a sutured nerve.

Dangerous goods occupy an important proportion in international shipping, and government and enterprises pay a lot of attention to transport safety. There are a wide variety of dangerous goods, and the knowledge involved is extensive and complex. Organizing and managing this knowledge plays an important role in the safe transportation of dangerous goods. The knowledge graph is a mass of brand-new knowledge management technologies that provide powerful technical support for integrating domain knowledge and solving the problem of the &ldquo ; knowledge island.&rdquo ; This paper first introduces the knowledge of maritime dangerous goods (MDG) ; constructs a three-layer knowledge structure of MDG, dividing this knowledge into two categories ; uses ontology to express the concepts, entities, and relations of MDG ; and puts forward the representation methods of the conceptual layer and entity layer and designs them in detail. Finally, the knowledge graph of maritime dangerous goods (KGMDG) is constructed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the knowledge visualization, retrieval, and automatic judgment of segregation requirement based on KGMDG. It is proved that KGMDG does not only help to simplify the retrieval process of professional knowledge and to promote intelligent transportation but is also conducive to the sharing, dissemination, and utilization of MDG knowledge.